Overvågning af BSE og regler om import af levende dyr

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Europaudvalget (2. samling)
(Alm. del - bilag 864)
landbrugsministerråd
(Offentligt)

Medlemmerne af Folketingets Europaudvalg

og deres stedfortrædere

Bilag

Journalnummer

Kontor

400.C.2-0

EU-sekr.

19. juni 2002

KOMITÉSAG

Til underretning for Folketingets Europaudvalg vedlægges Fødevareministeriets notater om forslag til Kommissionens forordning om ændring af Bilag III, VII og XI til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets Forordning (EF) Nr. 999/2001 for så vidt angår overvågning af bovin spongiform encephalopati, udryddelse af overførbar spongiforme encephalopatier, fjernelse af specificeret risikomateriale og regler for import af levende dyr og produkter af animalsk oprindelse, d okument SANCO/1674/2002.

Forslaget vil eventuelt blive sat til afstemning på mødet i Den Stående Komité for Fødevarekæden og Dyresundhed den 20. juni 2002.

Notat til Folketingets Europaudvalg

om forslag til Kommissionens Forordning om ændring af Bilag III, VII og XI til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets Forordning (EF) Nr. 999/2001 for så vidt angår overvågning af bovin spongiform encephalopati, udryddelse af overførbar spongiforme encephalopatier, fjernelse af specificeret risikomateriale og regler for import af levende dyr og produkter af animalsk oprindelse

Dokument SANCO/1674/2002

Forslaget vil eventuelt blive sat til afstemning på mødet i Den Stående Komité for Fødevarekæden og Dyresundhed den 20. juni 2002.

Forordningsforslaget skal behandles i en procedure III i Den Stående Komité for Fødevarekæden og Dyresundhed. Hvis der er kvalificeret flertal, udsteder Kommissionen forordningen. Opnås der ikke kvalificeret flertal, forelægger Kommissionen sagen for Rådet og underretter samtidig Europa-Parlamentet. Rådet kan med kvalificeret flertal vedtage forslaget uændret eller udtale sig mod det. Hvis der er kvalificeret flertal imod forslag et, skal Kommissionen behandle sagen på ny. Handler Rådet ikke inden en frist på højst tre måneder, kan Kommissionen udstede forordningen.

Forslaget har som formål at tilpasse og ajourføre EU-medlemsstaternes beskyttelsesforanstaltninger over for BSE og sikre en effektiv påvisning af positive BSE-tilfælde. Den væsentligste ændring, som Kommissionens forslag vedrører, drejer sig om overvågningen af aflivede og selvdøde kreaturer med en alder på 24 måneder og derover. Med forslaget gøres det hidtidige ét-årige overvågningsprojekt, hv orefter samtlige selvdøde og aflivede kreaturer skulle undersøges for BSE, permanent.

Fra dansk side finder man det uhensigtsmæssigt, at forslaget er sat på dagsordenen for Den Stående Komité for Fødevarekæden og Dyresundhed til mulig afstemning med så kort varsel, hvilket vil blive påpeget over for Kommissionen.

Forslaget vurderes dog at ville hæve beskyttelsesniveauet i Danmark og EU i forhold til en situation, hvor kravet om undersøgelse af alle selvdøde dyr bortfaldt pr. 1. juli 2002.

Regeringen agter på den baggrund at stemme for forslaget.

Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri

Aktuelt Notat til Folketingets Europaudvalg

Forslaget har som formål at tilpasse og ajourføre EU-medlemsstaternes beskyttelsesforanstaltninger over for BSE og sikre en effektiv påvisning af positive BSE-tilfælde. Den væsentligste ændring, som Kommissionens forslag vedrører, drejer sig om overvågningen af aflivede og selvdøde kreaturer med en alder på 24 måneder og derover. Med forslaget gøres det hidtidige ét-årige overvågni ngsprojekt, hvorefter samtlige selvdøde og aflivede kreaturer skulle undersøges for BSE, permanent.

Baggrund

Kommissionen har den 13. juni 2002 fremsat udkast til forslag til Kommissionens Forordning om ændring af Bilag III, VII og XI til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets Forordning (EF) nr. 999/2001 af 22. maj 2001 om fastsættelse af regler for forebyggelse af, kontrol med og udryddelse af visse transmissible spongiforme encephalopatier. Forslaget vil eventuelt blive fremlagt til vedtagelse på mødet i Den Stående Komité for Fødevarekæden og Dyresundhed den 20. juni 2002.

Forslaget til Kommissionens forordning er fremsat med hjemmel i Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets Forordning (EF) nr. 999/2001 af 22. maj 2001 særligt artikel 23.

Forordningsforslaget skal behandles i en procedure III i Den Stående Komité for Fødevarekæden og Dyresundhed. Hvis der er kvalificeret flertal, udsteder Kommissionen forordningen. Opnås der ikke kvalificeret flertal, forelægger Kommissionen sagen for Rådet og underretter samtidig Europa-Parlamentet. Rådet kan med kvalificeret flertal vedtage forslaget uændret eller udtale sig mod det. Hvis der er kvalificeret flertal imod forslaget, skal Kommissionen behandle sagen på ny. Handler Rådet ikke inden en frist på højst tre måneder, kan Kommissionen udstede forordningen.

Nærheds- og proportionalitetsprincippet

Der redegøres ikke nærmere for nærheds- og proportionalitetsprincippet, da der er tale om ændringer til allerede vedtagne retsakter.

Formål og indhold

Kommissionens forslag har som formål at tilpasse og ajourføre EU-medlemsstaternes beskyttelsesforanstaltninger over for BSE og sikre en effektiv påvisning af positive BSE-tilfælde. Kommissionen har oplyst, at forslaget er baseret på resultaterne af det overvågningsprogram for BSE, der pågår i medlemsstaterne.

Den væsentligste ændring, som Kommissionens forslag vedrører, drejer sig om overvågningen af aflivede og selvdøde kreaturer med en alder på 24 måneder og derover. Det hidtidige grundlag for overvågning af selvdøde og aflivede kreaturer har ifølge 999/2001, bilag III, kapitel A, punkt 2.2 foretaget ved stikprøver. Dog har der ifølge 999/2001, bilag XI, afsnit B siden forordningens ikrafttræden den 1. juli 2 001, kørt et ét-årigt overvågningsprojekt, hvorefter samtlige selvdøde og aflivede kreaturer skulle undersøges for BSE. Dette overvågningsprojekt udløber den 1. juli 2002. Med forslaget gøres overvågningsprogrammet permanent, således at samtlige selvdøde og aflivede kreaturer fremover fortsat skal undersøges for BSE. Dog undtages undersøgelse af selvdøde og aflivede kreaturer fra afsides beliggende områ der, hvor indsamling og transport af selvdøde og aflivede dyr er forbundet med uforholdsmæssigt høje omkostninger. Sidstnævnte anses ikke for at være aktuelt for Danmark.

Udtalelser

Europa-Parlamentet skal ikke udtale sig om forslaget.

Gældende dansk ret

BSE-området er reguleret ved Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets Forordning (EF) nr. 999/2001 af 22. maj 2001 om fastsættelse af regler for forebyggelse af, kontrol med og udryddelse af visse transmissible spongiforme encephalopatier, som senere ændret ved:

Kommissionens Forordning (EF) Nr. 1248/2001 af 22. juni 2001om ændring af bilag III, X og XI til 999/2001, hvad angår epidemiologisk overvågning og undersøgelse for overførbare spongiforme encephalopatier.
Kommissionens Forordning (EF) Nr. 1326/2001 af 29. juni 2001 om fastsættelse af overgangsforanstaltninger med henblik på overgang til 999/2001 om fastsættelse af regler for forebyggelse m.v. af TSE.
Kommissionens Forordning (EF) Nr. 270/2002 af 14. februar 2002 om ændring af 999/2001, hvad angår specificeret risikomateriale og epidemiologisk overvågning etc.

Forordningerne er umiddelbart gældende i dansk ret.

Konsekvenser

Forslaget har ingen lovgivningsmæssige eller statsfinansielle konsekvenser. Fødevaredirektoratet har i sin planlægning forudsat, at det fulde undersøgelsesprogram formentlig ville blive gjort permanent.

Forslaget vurderes at ville hæve beskyttelsesniveauet i Danmark og EU i forhold til en situation, hvor kravet om undersøgelse af alle selvdøde dyr bortfaldt pr. 1. juli 2002.

Høring

Fødevaredirektoratet har ikke sendt udkastet til forslag i høring på grund af den korte tidsfrist. Sagen er udsendt i §2-udvalget (landbrug) og Det Rådgivende Fødevareudvalg til orientering.

Tidligere forelæggelse for Folketingets Europaudvalg

Forslaget har ikke tidligere været forelagt Folketingets Europaudvalg.

EN

SANCO/1674/2002

L 041/02 dok

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 29.5.2002

COM(2002)

Draft

COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No …/..

of […]
LATION (EC) No …/..
amending Annexes III, VII and XI of Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council as regards monitoring of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, eradication of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, removal of specified risk materials and rules for importation of live animals and products of animal origin

Draft

COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No …/..
C) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council as regards monitoring of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, eradication of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, removal of specified risk materials and rules for importation of live animals and products of animal origin
of […]
;/.. C) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council as regards monitoring of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, eradication of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, removal of specified risk materials and rules for importation of live animals and products of animal origin
amending Annexes III, VII and XI of Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council as regards monitoring of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, eradication of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, removal of specified risk materials and rules for importation of live animals and products of animal origin

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,

Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, as last amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 270/2002, and in particular Article 23 thereof,

Whereas:

Rules for monitoring of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in bovine animals, for destruction of bovine embryos and ova of BSE cases, for trade in bovine embryos and ova, and for removal of specified BSE risk material are laid down in Regulation (EC) No 999/2001.
When the BSE monitoring programme in bovine animals was amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1248/2001, a review of the monitoring programme in the light of the results obtained during the first six months was foreseen.
During the second semester of 2001, more than five million bovine animals were tested for BSE, 457 of which were positive. Most positive cases were found in dead-on-farm animals, emergency slaughtered animals and animals the slaughter of which was deferred due to a suspected disease or disorder of their general conditions.
To ensure the uniform application of the monitoring programme, it is necessary to clarify the definition of animals the slaughter of which was deferred due to a suspected disease or disorder of their general conditions.
All dead-on-farm animals above 24 months have been tested for BSE during a one-year statistical survey set out as a transitional measure in Regulation (EC) No 999/2001. To ensure the effective detection of BSE cases, all dead-on-farm animals above 24 months of age should continue to be tested on a permanent basis. To avoid disproportionate costs, a derogation should be provided for animal dying in remote areas where no collection of dead animals has been organised.
It is important to follow the evolution of the BSE epidemic in animals born after the introduction of the reinforced feed ban in the United Kingdom. To this end the testing of animals slaughtered and destroyed under the Over Thirty Months Scheme should be expanded to cover all animals born after the feed ban. However, the detection of positive cases in animals below 42 months of age is highly unlikely, therefore it would be disproportionate to require the testing of healthy animals in tended for destruction below that age.
It is necessary to clarify the rules on health marking of carcasses selected for testing for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
In its opinion of 16 May 2002 on the safety of bovine embryos, the Scientific Steering Committee concluded that there is no need for measures other than those prescribed by the International Embryo Transfer Society protocols. In its general session of May 2002, the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) decided on similar scientific grounds to delete all trade conditions related to bovine embryos and ova. The provisions on the destruction of bovine embryos and ova from BSE cases and t he BSE-related trade conditions for bovine embryos and ova should therefore be repealed.
It is necessary to clarify the rules on the removal and control of specified risk material.
The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health,

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 1

Regulation (EC) 999/2001 is amended as follows:

1. Annex III is replaced by the text in Annex I to this Regulation.

2. Annex VII is amended as follows:

(a) In point 1(a), the second indent is replaced by the following:

'- where the disease was confirmed in a female animal, its progeny born within two years prior to, or after, clinical onset of the disease,'

(b) In point 1(a), the words 'embryos and ova' are deleted in the fifth indent.

3. Annex XI is amended as follows:

(a) In part A, point 1(a)(i) is replaced by the following:

'(i) the skull including the brain and eyes, the tonsils, the vertebral column excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse processes of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae and the wings of the sacrum, but including dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord of bovine animals aged over 12 months, and the intestines from the duodenum to the rectum and the mesentery of bovine animals of all ages;'

(b) In part A, point 5(a) is replaced by the following:

'(a) slaughterhouses, or, as appropriate, other places of slaughter;'

'(a) when removal of the vertebral column is not required, carcasses or parts of carcasses, as defined by Directive 64/433/EEC, of bovine animals shall be identified by a blue stripe on the label referred to in Regulation (EC) No 1760/2000, except at the delivery stage to the final consumer;'

(d) Part B is hereby deleted.

(e) In part D, point 3 is replaced by the following:

'3 Point 2 shall not apply to imports of bovine animals born and continuously reared in the following countries:

Argentina

Australia

Botswana

Brazil

Chile

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Namibia

New-Zealand

Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay

Uruguay

Singapore

Swaziland'

(f) In part D, point 4 is hereby deleted.

Article […]
>

This Regulation shall enter into force on the third day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.

It shall apply from [1 July 2002].

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at Brussels, […]

applicable in all Member States.
For the Commission

[…]
mission
Member of the Commission

ANNEX I

‘Annex III
Monitoring system
Chapter A

I. Monitoring in Bovine Animals

1. General

Monitoring in bovine animals shall be carried out in accordance with the laboratory methods laid down in Annex X, Chapter C, point 3.1(b).

2. Monitoring in animals slaughtered for human consumption

2.1. All bovine animals over 24 months of age:

subject to "special emergency slaughtering" as defined in Article 2(n) of Council Directive 64/433/EEC, or
slaughtered in accordance with Annex I, Chapter VI, point 28(c), to Directive 64/433/EEC, except animals without clinical signs slaughtered in the context of disease eradication,

shall be tested for BSE.

2.2. All bovine animals over 30 months of age subject to normal slaughter for human consumption shall be tested for BSE.

2.3. By way of derogation from point 2.2, and with regard to bovine animals born, reared and slaughtered on its territory, Sweden may decide to examine only a random sample. The sample shall comprise at least 10,000 animals per year.

3. Monitoring in animals not slaughtered for human consumption

3.1. All bovine animals over 24 months of age which have died or been killed but which were not:

killed for destruction pursuant to Commission Regulation (EC) No 716/96,
killed in the framework of an epidemic, such as foot-and-mouth disease,
slaughtered for human consumption,

shall be tested for BSE.

3.2. Member States may decide to derogate from the provisions of point 3.1 in remote areas with a low animal density, where no collection of dead animals is organised. Member States making use of this derogation shall inform the Commission thereof, and submit a list of the derogated areas. The derogation shall not cover more than 10% of the bovine population in the Member State.

4. Monitoring in animals purchased for destruction pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 716/96

4.1. All animals subject to casualty slaughter or found sick at ante-mortem inspection shall be tested for BSE.

4.2. All animals over 42 months of age born after 1 August 1996 shall be tested for BSE.

4.3. A random sample comprising at least 10,000 animals annually of animals not covered by points 4.1 or 4.2 shall be tested for BSE.

5. Monitoring in other animals

In addition to the testing referred to in points 2 to 4, Member States may on a voluntary basis decide to test other bovine animals on their territory, in particular where those animals originate from countries with indigenous BSE, have consumed potentially contaminated feedingstuffs or were born or derived from BSE infected dams.

6. Measures following testing

6.1. Where an animal slaughtered for human consumption has been selected for testing for BSE, the health marking provided for in Chapter XI of Annex I to Directive 64/433/EEC shall not be carried out on the carcass of that animal until a negative result to the rapid test has been obtained.

6.2. Member States may derogate from the provisions of point 6.1 where an official system is in place in the slaughterhouse ensuring that no parts of examined animals bearing the health mark leave the slaughterhouse until a negative result to the rapid test has been obtained.

6.3. All parts of the body of an animal tested for BSE including the hide shall be retained under official control until a negative result to the rapid test has been obtained, unless they are destroyed in accordance with Annex V, point 3 or 4.

6.4. All parts of the body of an animal found positive to the rapid test including the hide shall be destroyed in accordance with Annex V, point 3 or 4, apart from material to be retained in conjunction with the records provided for in Chapter B, section III.

6.5. Where an animal slaughtered for human consumption is found positive to the rapid test, at least the carcass immediately preceding the test-positive carcass and two carcasses immediately following the test-positive carcass on the same slaughter line shall be destroyed in accordance with point 6.4, in addition to the test-positive carcass.

6.6. Member States may derogate from the provisions of point 6.5 where a system is in place in the slaughterhouse preventing contamination between carcasses.

II. Monitoring in ovine and caprine animals

1. General

Monitoring in ovine and caprine animals shall be carried out in accordance with the laboratory methods laid down in Annex X, Chapter C, point 3.2(b).

2. Monitoring in animals slaughtered for human consumption

Animals over 18 months of age or which have more than two permanent incisors erupted through the gum and which are slaughtered for human consumption shall be tested in accordance with the sample size indicated in the table. The sampling shall be representative for each region and season. The sample selection shall be designed with a view to avoid the over-representation of any group as regards the origin, species, age, breed, production type or any other characteristic. The age of the animals shall be estimated based on dentition, obvious signs of maturity or other reliable information. Multiple sampling in the same flock shall be avoided, where possible.

Member State	Minimum Annual Sample Size Slaughtered animals*
Belgium	3750
Denmark	3000
Germany	60000
Greece	60000
Spain	60000
France	60000
Ireland	60000
Italy	60000
Luxembourg	250
Netherlands	39000
Austria	8200
Portugal	22500
Finland	1900
Sweden	5250
United Kingdom	60000

* The sample size has been calculated to detect a prevalence of 0.005 % with a 95% confidence in slaughtered animals in Member States which slaughter a large number of adult sheep. In those Member States which slaughter a smaller number of adult sheep, the sample size is calculated as 25% of the estimated or recorded number of cull ewes slaughtered in 2000.

3. Monitoring in animals not slaughtered for human consumption

Animals over 18 months of age or which have more than two permanent incisors erupted through the gum which have died or been killed, but which were not:

killed in the framework of an epidemic, such as foot-and-mouth disease,
slaughtered for human consumption,

shall be tested in accordance with the sample size indicated in the table The sampling shall be representative for each region and season. The sample selection shall be designed with a view to avoid the over-representation of any group as regards the origin, species, age, breed, production type or any other characteristic. The age of the animal shall be estimated based on dentition, obvious signs of maturity or other reliable information. Multiple sampling in the same flock shall be a voided, where possible.

Member State	Minimum Annual Sample Size Dead animals*
Belgium	450
Denmark	400
Germany	6000
Greece	6000
Spain	6000
France	6000
Ireland	6000
Italy	6000
Luxembourg	30
Netherlands	5000
Austria	1100
Portugal	6000
Finland	250
Sweden	800
United Kingdom	6000

* The sample size has been calculated to detect a prevalence of 0.05 % with a 95% confidence in dead animals in Member States with a large sheep population. In those Member States with a smaller sheep population, the sample size is calculated as 50% of the estimated number of dead animals (estimated mortality 1%).

4. Monitoring in other animals

In addition to the monitoring programmes set out in points 2 and 3, Member States may on a voluntary basis carry out monitoring in other animals, in particular:

animals used for dairy production,
animals originating from countries with indigenous TSEs,
animals which have consumed potentially contaminated feedingstuffs,
animals born or derived from TSE infected dams,
animals from flocks infected with TSE

5. Measures following testing of ovine and caprine animals

5.1. Where an animal slaughtered for human consumption has been selected for testing for TSE, the health marking provided for in Chapter XI of Annex I to Directive 64/433/EEC shall not be carried out on the carcass of that animal until a negative result to the rapid test has been obtained.

5.2. Member States may derogate from the provisions of point 5.1 where an official system is in place in the slaughterhouse ensuring that no parts of examined animals bearing the health mark leave the slaughterhouse until a negative result to the rapid test has been obtained.

5.3. All parts of the body of a tested animal including the hide shall be retained under official control until a negative result to the rapid test has been obtained, unless they are destroyed in accordance with Annex V, point 3 or 4.

5.4. All parts of the body of an animal found positive to the rapid test including the hide shall be destroyed in accordance with Annex V, point 3 or 4, apart from material to be retained in conjunction with the records provided for in Chapter B, Section III.

6. Genotyping

6.1. The prion protein genotype shall be determined for each positive TSE case in sheep. TSE cases found in resistant genotypes (sheep of genotypes which encode alanin on both alleles at codon 136, arginin on both alleles at codon 154 and arginin on both alleles at codon 171) shall immediately be reported to the Commission. Where possible, such cases shall be submitted for strain-typing. Where strain-typing of such cases is not possible, the herd of origin and all other herds where the animal has been shall be subjected to enhanced monitoring with a view to find other TSE cases for strain-typing.

6.2. In addition to the animals genotyped under the provisions of point 6.1, the prion protein genotype of a random sub-sample of the ovine animals tested under the provisions of Chapter A, Section II, point 2 shall be determined. This sub-sample shall represent at least one per cent of the total sample for each Member State, and shall not be less than 100 animals per Member State. By derogation, Member states may choose to genotype an equivalent number of live animals of a simila r age.

CHAPTER B

I. Information to be presented by Member States in their report

1. The number of suspected cases per animal species placed under movement restrictions in accordance with Article 12(1).

2. The number of suspected cases per animal species subject to laboratory examination in accordance with Article 12(2) and the outcome of the examination.

3. The number of flocks where suspected cases in ovine and caprine animals have been reported and investigated pursuant to Article 12(1) and (2).

4. The estimated size of each subpopulation referred to in Chapter A, Section I, points 3 and 4.

5. The number of bovine animals tested within each subpopulation referred to in Chapter A, Section I, point 2 to 5, the method for sample selection and the outcome of the tests.

6. The estimated size of those subpopulations referred to in Chapter A, Section II, points 2 and 3 which have been selected for sampling.

7. The number of ovine and caprine animals and flocks tested within each subpopulation referred to in Chapter A, Section II, points 2 to 4, the method for sample selection and the outcome of the tests.

8. Number, age distribution and geographical distribution of positive cases of BSE and scrapie. The country of origin, if not the same as the reporting country, of positive cases of BSE and scrapie. Number and geographical distribution of scrapie positive flocks. The year and, where possible, month of birth should be given for each BSE case.

9. Positive TSE cases confirmed in animals other than bovine, ovine and caprine animals.

10. The genotype and where possible breed of each animal sampled within each sub-population referred to in Chapter A, part II, points 6.1 and 6.2.

II. Information to be presented by the Commission in its summary

The summary shall be presented in a tabled format covering at least the information referred to in Part I for each Member State.

III. Records

1. The competent authority shall keep, for seven years, records of:

the number and types of animals placed under movement restrictions as referred to in Article 12(1),
the number and outcome of clinical and epidemiological investigations as referred to in Article 12(1),
the number and outcome of laboratory examinations as referred to in Article 12(2),
the number, identity and origin of animals sampled in the framework of the monitoring programmes as referred to in Chapter A and, where possible, age, breed and anamnestic information,
the prion protein genotype of positive TSE cases in sheep.

2. The investigating laboratory shall keep, for seven years, all records of testing, in particular laboratory workbooks and, where appropriate, paraffin blocks and photographs of Western blots.’

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